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Gut microbiota and its implications in small bowel transplantation

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第3期页码 239-248 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0617-0

摘要：

The gut microbiota is mainly composed of a diverse population of commensal bacterial species and plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, immune modulation and metabolism. The influence of the gut microbiota on solid organ transplantation has recently been recognized. In fact, several studies indicated that acute and chronic allograft rejection in small bowel transplantation (SBT) is closely associated with the alterations in microbial patterns in the gut. In this review, we focused on the recent findings regarding alterations in the microbiota following SBT and the potential roles of these alterations in the development of acute and chronic allograft rejection. We also reviewed important advances with respect to the interplays between the microbiota and host immune systems in SBT. Furthermore, we explored the potential of the gut microbiota as a microbial marker and/or therapeutic target for the predication and intervention of allograft rejection and chronic dysfunction. Given that current research on the gut microbiota has become increasingly sophisticated and comprehensive, large cohort studies employing metagenomic analysis and multivariate linkage should be designed for the characterization of host–microbe interaction and causality between microbiota alterations and clinical outcomes in SBT. The findings are expected to provide valuable insights into the role of gut microbiota in the development of allograft rejection and other transplant-related complications and introduce novel therapeutic targets and treatment approaches in clinical practice.

关键词： gut microbiota small bowel transplantation acute rejection chronic rejection mucosal immunity biomarker microbiota-targeted therapy

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Gut microbial balance and liver transplantation: alteration, management, and prediction

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第2期页码 123-129 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0563-2

摘要：

Liver transplantation is a conventional treatment for terminal stage liver diseases. However, several complications still hinder the survival rate. Intestinal barrier destruction is widely observed among patients receiving liver transplant and suffering from ischemia–reperfusion or rejection injuries because of the relationship between the intestine and the liver, both in anatomy and function. Importantly, the resulting alteration of gut microbiota aggravates graft dysfunctions during the process. This article reviews the research progress for gut microbial alterations and liver transplantation. Especially, this work also evaluates research on the management of gut microbial alteration and the prediction of possible injuries utilizing microbial alteration during liver transplantation. In addition, we propose possible directions for research on gut microbial alteration during liver transplantation and offer a hypothesis on the utilization of microbial alteration in liver transplantation. The aim is not only to predict perioperative injuries but also to function as a method of treatment or even inhibit the rejection of liver transplantation.

关键词： gut microbial balance liver transplantation ischemia–reperfusion acute rejection

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巨噬细胞在器官移植急性排斥反应中的双重作用 Review

谭亮, 郭易难, 冯畅, 侯仰潇, 谢续标, 赵勇

《工程（英文）》 2022年第10卷第3期页码 21-29 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.10.015

摘要：

天然免疫细胞在移植免疫反应中发挥着重要作用。巨噬细胞是重要的天然免疫细胞；在发生排斥反应的同种异基因移植器官中，巨噬细胞也是浸润的众多免疫细胞之一。巨噬细胞的浸润与器官移植的短期和长期效果呈负相关。在功能方面，巨噬细胞具有异质性和可塑性。在器官移植排斥反应中，巨噬细胞可以为适应性免疫提呈同种异基因抗原以及提供共刺激信号和细胞因子，也可以直接损伤移植器官。此外，一些具有免疫调节功能的巨噬细胞亚群，可以通过抑制排斥反应和促进免疫耐受来保护移植器官。尽管目前研究人员已认识到巨噬细胞在移植器官损伤过程中的潜在作用，但他们对巨噬细胞在移植排斥反应中的不同作用关注不够。为此，本文就巨噬细胞在急性移植免疫反应中的独特作用以及免疫抑制剂对巨噬细胞的影响进行了综述和讨论。通过分析发现，对于巨噬细胞在移植免疫中的作用的相关研究中，应更多地关注其复杂性和关键功能，并应更多地致力于开发针对巨噬细胞的免疫抑制药物，并使之有利于提高移植器官的长期存活率和移植免疫耐受的建立。

关键词：巨噬细胞移植耐受排斥反应调节性巨噬细胞

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RGO-MXene membranes with wettability-regulated channels: improved water permeability and electro-enhanced rejection

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-023-1601-8

摘要：

● Electroconductive RGO-MXene membranes were fabricated.

关键词： Reduced graphene oxide MXene Membrane Water permeance Dye rejection Electro-assistance

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Simulation of the optimal heat rejection pressure for transcritical CO

Junlan YANG, Yitai MA, Minxia LI, Hua TIAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 522-526 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0027-8

摘要： In order to optimize and control transcritical CO refrigeration cycle, a mathematical model was developed to simulate the system performance. The simulation results show that a maximum COP exists at the optimal heat rejection pressure not only for throttle valve cycle but also for expander cycle. Also, the optimal heat rejection pressures of the throttle valve cycle are greater than those of the expander cycle under the same condition. In order to further obtain correlation of the optimal heat rejection pressure for transcritical CO expander cycle, it is necessary to analyze the impact degree of compressor efficiency, expander efficiency, gas cooler outlet temperature and evaporation temperature. Based on the simulation results, the values of the optimal heat rejection pressure for the expander cycle were regressed in terms of gas cooler outlet temperature and evaporation temperature at given compressor efficiency and expander efficiency. Finally, two types of polynomial correlations were obtained. One is cubic form, with an average deviation of less than 0.5% and the other is simplified form, with an average deviation of less than 1%. It is, therefore, convenient to use either correlation to simulate the performance of transcritical CO expander cycle.

关键词： transcritical CO₂ cycle optimal heat rejection pressure simulation expander

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Novel Ag-AgBr decorated composite membrane for dye rejection and photodegradation under visible light

Yixing Wang, Liheng Dai, Kai Qu, Lu Qin, Linzhou Zhuang, Hu Yang, Zhi Xu

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第4期页码 892-901 doi: 10.1007/s11705-020-2011-0

摘要： Photocatalytic membranes have received increasing attention due to their excellent separation and photodegradation of organic contaminants in wastewater. Herein, we bound Ag-AgBr nanoparticles onto a synthesized polyacrylonitrile-ethanolamine (PAN-ETA) membrane with the aid of a chitosan (CS)-TiO layer via vacuum filtration and partial reduction. The introduction of the CS-TiO layer improved surface hydrophilicity and provided attachment sites for the Ag-AgBr nanoparticles. The PAN-ETA/CS-TiO /Ag-AgBr photocatalytic membranes showed a relatively high water permeation flux (~ 47 L·m ·h ·bar ) and dyes rejection (methyl orange: 88.22%; congo red: 95%; methyl blue: 97.41%; rose bengal: 99.98%). Additionally, the composite membranes exhibited potential long-term stability for dye/salt separation (dye rejection: ~97%; salt rejection: ~6.5%). Moreover, the methylene blue and rhodamine B solutions (20 mL, 10 mg·L ) were degraded approximately 90.75% and 96.81% in batch mode via the synthesized photocatalytic membranes under visible light irradiation for 30 min. This study provides a feasible method for the combination of polymeric membranes and inorganic catalytic materials.

关键词： Ag-AgBr dye rejection photodegradation visible light

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Role of membrane and compound properties in affecting the rejection of pharmaceuticals by different RO

Yang-ying Zhao, Fan-xin Kong, Zhi Wang, Hong-wei Yang, Xiao-mao Wang, Yuefeng F. Xie, T. David Waite

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-017-0975-x

摘要： This study was conducted to assess the merits and limitations of various high-pressure membranes, tight nanofiltration (NF) membranes in particular, for the removal of trace organic compounds (TrOCs). The performance of a low-pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) membrane (ESPA1), a tight NF membrane (NF90) and two loose NF membranes (HL and NF270) was compared for the rejection of 23 different pharmaceuticals (PhACs). Efforts were also devoted to understand the effect of adsorption on the rejection performance of each membrane. Difference in hydrogen bond formation potential (HFP) was taken into consideration. Results showed that NF90 performed similarly to ESPA1 with mean rejection higher than 95%. NF270 outperformed HL in terms of both water permeability and PhAC rejection higher than 90%. Electrostatic effects were more significant in PhAC rejection by loose NF membranes than tight NF and LPRO membranes. The adverse effect of adsorption on rejection by HL and ESPA1 was more substantial than NF270 and NF90, which could not be simply explained by the difference in membrane surface hydrophobicity, selective layer thickness or pore size. The HL membrane had a lower rejection of PhACs of higher hydrophobicity (log D>0) and higher HFP (>0.02). Nevertheless, the effects of PhAC hydrophobicity and HFP on rejection by ESPA1 could not be discerned. Poor rejection of certain PhACs could generally be explained by aspects of steric hindrance, electrostatic interactions and adsorption. High-pressure membranes like NF90 and NF270 have a high promise in TrOC removal from contaminated water.

关键词： Trace organic compounds (TrOCs) Nanofiltration (NF) Adsorption Membrane properties Water treatment

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Molecular pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia: A diverse disease with new perspectives

Felicitas THOL, Arnold GANSER

《医学前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 356-362 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0220-5

摘要： Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a very heterogeneous neoplasm of the hematopoietic stem cell. Despite important achievements in the treatment of AML, the long term survival of patients with the disease remains poor. Understanding the pathogenesis of AML better is crucial for finding new treatment approaches. During AML development hematopoietic precursor cells undergo clonal transformation in a multistep process through acquisition of chromosomal rearrangements and/or different gene mutations. Over recent years, novel gene mutations have been found in patients with AML. These mutations can be divided into two important categories, class I mutations that confer a proliferation advantage and class II mutations that inhibit myeloid differentiation. Screening for some of these mutations is now part of the initial diagnostic work-up in newly diagnosed AML patients. Information about the mutation status of specific genes is useful for risk-stratification, minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring and increasingly also for targeted therapy, especially for patients with cytogenetically normal AML (CN-AML). Besides chromosomal rearrangements and gene mutations, epigenetic regulation of genes – meaning changes in gene expression by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence – also represents an important mechanism of leukemogenesis. This article reviews some of the most common mutations in CN-AML and gives a perspective of the translation of these discoveries from bench to bedside.

关键词： acute myeloid leukemia mutations risk stratification

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Precision medicine in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Ching-Hon Pui

《医学前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第6期页码 689-700 doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0759-8

摘要： The cure rate of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has exceeded 90% in some contemporary clinical trials. However, the dose intensity of conventional chemotherapy has been pushed to its limit. Further improvement in outcome will need to rely more heavily on molecular therapeutic as well as immuno- and cellular-therapy approaches together with precise risk stratification. Children with or hyperdiploid>50 ALL who achieve negative minimal residual disease during early remission induction are suitable candidates for reduction in treatment. Patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive or Ph-like ALL with ABL-class fusion should be treated with dasatinib. BH3 profiling and other preclinical methods have identified several high-risk subtypes, such as hypodiplod, early T-cell precursor, immature T-cell, -rearranged, Ph-positive and -positive ALL, that may respond to BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax. There are other fusions or mutations that may serve as putative targets, but effective targeted therapy has yet to be established. For other high-risk patients or poor early treatment responders who do not have targetable genetic lesions, current approaches that offer hope include blinatumomab, inotuzumab and CAR-T cell therapy for B-ALL, and daratumumab and nelarabine for T-ALL. With the expanding therapeutic armamentarium, we should start focus on rational combinations of targeted therapy with non-overlapping toxicities.

关键词： acute lymphoblastic leukemia molecular therapeutics targeted therapy tyrosine kinase inhibitors immunotherapy CAR T-cell therapy

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Genomic and pharmacogenetic studies of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 1-9 doi: 10.1007/s11684-015-0381-3

摘要：

With the cure rate of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) approaching 90%, further improvement in the treatment outcome and quality of life of patients will require better understanding of the mechanisms of drug resistance, identifying new leukemic cell genetic lesions that are amendable to available target therapy, and optimizing treatment based on host pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenomics. Deeper characterization of leukemic cell genetic abnormalities has discovered new subtypes of leukemia such as early T-cell precursor ALL and Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL, and identified many genomic alterations that have diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic implications. In this regard, several novel fusion transcripts are responsive to ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors and potentially to JAK inhibitors. Genome-wide analyses have also unraveled the role of inherited cancer predisposing genes and small nucleotide polymorphisms of several genes in the development of childhood ALL. These advances promise to lead to more sophisticated personalized treatment strategies in the near future.

关键词： pharmacogenomics acute lymphoblastic leukemia genomics pharmacogenetics

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DK型纳滤膜对水中微量邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附及截留特性

金叶,吴礼光,张林

《中国工程科学》 2014年第16卷第7期页码 36-41

摘要：

邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）是一类典型的环境激素，对人体健康具有较大的危害。本文采用DK型纳滤膜去除水中微量邻苯二甲酸酯，分析了水中微量邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸正二丁酯(DNBP)和邻苯二甲酸异二丁酯(DIBP)等在DK型纳滤膜表面的吸附行为，考察了4 种邻苯二甲酸酯的辛醇/水分配系数(logK_ow)和相对分子质量(M_w)对其在DK型纳滤膜表面的吸附和膜的截留特性的影响。结果表明Freundlich 吸附方程能较好地描述4 种邻苯二甲酸酯在DK型纳滤膜表面的动态吸附行为；DK型纳滤膜对水中微量邻苯二甲酸酯的截留特性表现为膜面吸附作用和膜孔筛分效应，吸附平衡后的截留机理取决于膜孔的筛分效应，DK型纳滤膜对DMP、DEP、DNBP、DIBP的截留率分别为55 %、78 %、96 %和96.8 % (0.5 MPa，30 ℃，DMP、DEP、DNBP、DIBP浓度均为300 μg/L)，表明DK型纳滤膜能高效去除水中的DNBP和DIBP。

关键词：邻苯二甲酸酯纳滤吸附截留

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expression pattern of mutations coordinated by target repression and promoter hypermethylation in acute

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第4期页码 627-636 doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0815-4

摘要： Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is an essential regulator of normal hematopoiesis. Its dysfunction, caused by either fusions or mutations, is frequently reported in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, RUNX1 mutations have been largely under-explored compared with RUNX1 fusions mainly due to their elusive genetic characteristics. Here, based on 1741 patients with AML, we report a unique expression pattern associated with RUNX1 mutations in AML. This expression pattern was coordinated by target repression and promoter hypermethylation. We first reanalyzed a joint AML cohort that consisted of three public cohorts and found that RUNX1 mutations were mainly distributed in the Runt domain and almost mutually exclusive with NPM1 mutations. Then, based on RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas AML cohort, we developed a 300-gene signature that significantly distinguished the patients with RUNX1 mutations from those with other AML subtypes. Furthermore, we explored the mechanisms underlying this signature from the transcriptional and epigenetic levels. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data, we found that RUNX1 target genes tended to be repressed in patients with RUNX1 mutations. Through the integration of DNA methylation array data, we illustrated that hypermethylation on the promoter regions of RUNX1-regulated genes also contributed to dysregulation in RUNX1-mutated AML. This study revealed the distinct gene expression pattern of RUNX1 mutations and the underlying mechanisms in AML development.

关键词： RUNX1 gene mutation acute myeloid leukemia transcriptional repression DNA methylation

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Current treatment strategy of acute promyelocytic leukemia

Jianqing Mi

《医学前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第4期页码 341-347 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0169-z

摘要： Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a unique subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The prognosis of APL has changed from the worst among the AMLs to currently the best. The application of all- retinoic acid (ATRA) in the induction therapy of APL decreases the high mortality of newly diagnosed patients, thereby significantly improving the response rate. ATRA combined with anthracycline-based chemotherapy is the current standard treatment, and for high-risk patients, high doses cytarabine have a beneficial effect on relapse prevention. In recent years, the indications of arsenic trioxide (ATO) therapy for APL have been extended from the salvage therapy for relapse patients to the first-line treatment of APL. The introduction of both ATRA and ATO represents great achievements in translational medicine. In this review article, we discuss the therapeutic strategies for this disease, including the initial approaches to newly diagnosed patients, prevention, and treatment of side effects and relapse to ensure the best and timely treatment for each newly diagnosed APL patient.

关键词： acute promyelocytic leukemia all-trans retinoic acid arsenic trioxide

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Predictive values of plasma TNFα and IL-8 for intracranial hemorrhage in patients with acute promyelocytic

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年第16卷第6期页码 909-918 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0890-1

摘要： In patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), if not identified promptly, could be fatal. It is the leading cause of failure of induction and early death. Thus, biomarkers that could promptly predict severe complications are critical. Here, cytokine differences between patients with APL with and without ICH were investigated to develop predictive models for this complication. The initial cytokine profiling using plasma samples from 39 patients and 18 healthy donors found a series of cytokines that were remarkedly different between patients with APL and healthy controls. The APL patients were subsequently divided into high and low white blood cell count groups. Results showed that tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 8 (IL-8) were vital in distinguishing patients with APL who did or did not develop ICH. In addition, verification in 81 patients with APL demonstrated that the two cytokines were positively correlated with the cumulative incidence of ICH. Finally, in-vitro and in-vivo experimental evidence were provided to show that IL-8 influenced the migration of APL-derived NB4 cells and impaired the blood–brain barrier in PML/RARα positive blast-transplanted FVB/NJ mice. These assessments may facilitate the early warning of ICH and reduce future mortality levels in APL.

关键词： acute promyelocytic leukemia intracranial hemorrhage cytokines biomarker

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Risk factors of prognosis after acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第3期页码 393-402 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0532-9

摘要：

The risk factors, especially laboratory indicators, of prognosis after acute kidney injury (AKI) remain unclear. We conducted a retrospective survey of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012 according to the AKI diagnosis standard issued by Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. The epidemiological features and factors influencing hospital mortality and renal function recovery were evaluated through logistic regression analysis. Among 77 662 cases of hospitalized patients, 1387 suffered from AKI. The incidence rate and mortality of AKI were 1.79% and 14.56%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that high AKI stage, age greater than 80 years, neoplastic disease, low cardiac output, increased white blood cell count, and decreased platelet count and serum albumin levels were the risk factors affecting the mortality of AKI patients. Conversely, body mass index between 28 and 34.9 was a protective factor. Increased AKI stage, tumor disease, post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and RRT were the risk factors of renal function recovery upon discharge. In addition to traditional risk factors, white blood cell count, platelet count, albumin, and BMI were the predictors of the mortality of AKI patients. No laboratory indicators were found to be the risk factors of renal function recovery in AKI patients.

关键词： acute kidney injury risk factors prognosis